Spotted wing drosophila

Start monitoring your garden for adult SWD as soon as you see fruit set until the end of harvest. This allows you to identify the start and end of fly activity. 

The most critical time period to monitor is when fruit color first starts to develop until the crop is harvested. 

Make your own SWD trap

Adult SWD flies can be trapped using a plastic 32-ounce cup. 

• Poke several 3/16-inch holes around the upper side of the cup (small holes let SWD in, but keep out larger insects).
• Leave a 3- to 4-inch section without holes to hold the bait.
• Pour one inch of apple cider vinegar into the trap as bait.
• Place a small yellow sticky card inside (purchase from a garden supply store or Gempler's). If you can't get the sticky cards, add a drop of unscented dish soap to the vinegar to trap flies in the liquid.
• Hang traps from branches in the shade near growing fruit, and begin monitoring before fruit begins to ripen.
• Replace the sticky card and apple cider vinegar bait at least once a week when checking for SWD. 
• Dispose of the old apple cider vinegar away from the trap location.
• Checking traps more often can help with early detection of adult SWD, especially early in the growing season.

If you'd like to test fruit for the presence of maggots, there are several sampling methods you can use. See Sampling berries for spotted wing drosophila larvae (Michigan State University).

Sanitation

Sanitation is important to reduce the local buildup of SWD populations.

• Frequently harvest crops to ensure ripe fruits are not in gardens for extended periods of time.
• Remove and destroy any old fruit that remains on stems or that has fallen to the ground.
• Once infested or fallen fruit has been collected, place it in a plastic bag and seal it tightly.
• Fruit in clear bags can be left outdoors where the heat from the sun will kill any flies in the bag.
• Plastic bags can also be placed in the trash.
• Do not compost this material as that method is unreliable in killing SWD.
• Do not bury infested material as research has found that SWD can survive being buried as deep as 18 inches.

If your fruit looks intact, but you still suspect an infestation, place it in your refrigerator. Chilling can help slow and even stop the development of larvae. Note that these fruit are safe to eat. There is no known risk to human health from eating SWD.

Exclusion

Another cultural control method that can be used to manage SWD is exclusion through the use of netting or floating row covers.

• Netting can be used over a more permanent structure, such as a small high tunnel, or placed directly over the row like a floating row cover.
• The cover prevents SWD access to developing berries and can potentially reduce the infestation.
• One drawback is that the covering would have to be opened at each harvest, which could provide SWD access to the fruit.
• For raspberries, the covers should not need to be removed to allow for pollination because raspberries are primarily wind-pollinated.
• Use a fine mesh netting: 80-gram insect netting has been shown to provide good results.
  • Coarser netting will allow SWD to pass through and infest fruit.
• Netting can also provide protection from birds and hail.

It is important to remember that SWD females can start laying eggs one day after adult emergence. This makes it very important to monitor to detect whether SWD is present and when they first appear. The sooner the flies are discovered, the quicker management decisions can be made.

SWD will complete multiple, overlapping generations so there will be continuous activity once the flies become active. Keep in mind that insecticides are targeting the adults, before they lay eggs, and will not control larvae already in the fruit.

Once fruit is infested, there is not any effective control other than using sanitation to prevent SWD from emerging.

• Insecticides should be applied in the evening to avoid killing honeybees and other pollinators.
• Readily available insecticides that kill adult SWD include carbaryl, malathion, spinosad and pyrethrin.
• Spinosad and pyrethrin are approved for organic production.
• Insecticide resistance is a concern with this pest and you should rotate classes of insecticides if possible.

Managing SWD is difficult because fruit is susceptible to infestation at first color through harvest. The most effective management plans integrate a mix of cultural, preventative and chemical (either organic or synthetic pesticide) practices.

Currently, there is no economic threshold that has been established for SWD, so a conservative approach is to use fly capture on your farm, or regional SWD trap data, as an indication of early activity, and to initiate protective measures if SWD is present and berries are at a susceptible stage.

If fruit is ripening or ripe and SWD flies are trapped, growers should:

1. Implement cultural controls where possible, and
2. Protect fruit until harvest using registered insecticides.

Adult SWD flies can be trapped using commercial or homemade traps.

• Commercial traps from Scentry (uses water + soap) and Trece (uses apple cider vinegar), both using a lure and drowning solution, are available from Great Lakes IPM.
• Traps should be checked 1-2 times per week for SWD flies - more often if fruit is harvestable, by looking on the yellow sticky trap (if used) and in the liquid drowning solution.
• Records should be kept for SWD captures to document the periods of fly activity and the corresponding stage of fruit ripeness should be noted as well.

Make your own SWD trap

Adult SWD flies can be trapped using a plastic 32-ounce cup.

• Poke several 3/16-inch holes around the upper side of the cup (small holes let SWD in, but keep out larger insects).
• Leave a 3- to 4-inch section without holes to hold the bait.
• Pour one inch of apple cider vinegar into the trap as bait.
• Place a small yellow sticky card inside (purchase from a garden supply store or Gempler’s). If you can't get the sticky cards, add a drop of unscented dish soap to the vinegar to trap flies in the liquid.
• Hang traps from branches in the shade near growing fruit and begin monitoring before fruit begins to ripen.
• Replace the sticky card and apple cider vinegar bait at least once a week when checking for SWD.
• Dispose of the old apple cider vinegar away from the trap location.
• Checking traps more often can help with early detection of adult SWD, especially early in the growing season.

If you would like to test fruit for the presence of maggots, there are several sampling methods you can use. See Sampling berries for spotted wing drosophila larvae (Michigan State University).

Sanitation

Sanitation is important to reduce the local buildup of SWD populations.

• Frequently harvest crops to ensure ripe fruits are not in gardens for extended periods of time.
• Remove and destroy any old fruit that remains on stems or that has fallen to the ground.
• Once infested or fallen fruit have been collected, place berries in a plastic bag and seal it tightly.
• Fruit in clear bags can be left outdoors where the heat from the sun will kill any flies in the bag.
• Plastic bags can also be placed in the trash.
• Do not compost this material as that method is unreliable in killing SWD.
• Do not bury infested material as research has found that SWD can survive being buried as deep as 18 inches.

If your fruit looks intact, but you still suspect an infestation, fruit can be chilled to stop further development of SWD. Refrigeration prior to the sale of produce is recommended. There is no known risk to human health following incidental consumption of SWD.

Physical exclusion and habitat disruption

High tunnels are typically used to extend the season, but they can also serve as a pest management tool by physically excluding insect pests.

In 2015, tunnels covered with plastic or fine mesh netting were evaluated as an alternative to insecticide application for protecting fall-bearing raspberries from SWD infestation in Minnesota (Rogers et al. 2016). Berries in plastic-covered tunnels had low mean season-long levels of infestation by SWD of only 2%, compared to netted tunnels at 35%, insecticide-treated open plots at 60% and untreated open plots with 81% of berries infested.

Micro-climate data suggest that temperature and humidity levels in plastic-covered tunnels were often above and below optimal temperature and humidity levels respectively, for development, mating and oviposition of SWD. These sub-optimal conditions may have limited overall population growth compared with the tunnel covered with netting.

Both exclusion and modification of micro-climate may be effective and complementary as pest management strategies for fall-bearing raspberry and may be viable alternatives to insecticide applications, particularly for small-acreage and organic production.

Properly applied, organic and synthetic insecticides can be effective, but insecticide applications must be coupled with timely harvests in between sprays, with close adherence to the re-entry (REI) and pre-harvest (PHI) intervals for each insecticide.

Given the potential for rapid population increase by SWD (SWD females can start laying eggs one day after adult emergence), active management is needed until the end of harvest.

For raspberries, we recommend maintaining a 5-day spray interval (a 7-day interval should be the maximum allowed), as soon as the first berry color change is evident and flies are present.

For each insecticide, use the maximum rate per acre, with high volume for maximum coverage in the canopy (e.g, >25-40 gallons water/ac), and for example, the use of air-blast sprayers to improve coverage.

Alternating families of insecticides (see IRAC code) is also essential to minimize the risk of SWD developing insecticide resistance. Synthetic insecticides include spinetoram (Delegate), zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang Maxx), malathion, and fenpropathrin.

There are few National Organic Program (NOP) compliant insecticides that provide good SWD control. Spinosad (e.g., Entrust) is considered the most effective organic pesticide option for SWD at this time.

Pyrethrins have some efficacy against SWD. However, many farmers have expressed their disappointment with its performance. The Midwest Fruit Pest Management Guide rates its efficacy on SWD as “Poor” based on several research trials.

While neem oil can be used for SWD, its efficacy is also considered poor and it is not recommended.

For updated insecticide control options, please refer to the annually revised Midwest Fruit Pest Management Guide. 

Essential oil repellents (Ecotrol)

Researchers at the University of Minnesota have been testing certain essential oil mixtures as repellents against SWD. Tests are ongoing in both laboratory and on-farm settings.

Some farmers have also begun trying Ecotrol on their farms. While some results are promising, Ecotrol has shown inconsistent efficacy under field conditions. More replicated trials are needed, with regard to the timing of applications and application methods.